THE PHILOSOPHERS’ CARNIVAL, VOLUME 42: INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY
NOW FULLY COLLECTED,
WITH SELECTIONS FROM ACROSS THE WEB
EDITED BY
JUSTIN MCBRAYER AND GARRETT PENDERGRAFT
ON BEHALF OF
SHOW-ME THE ARGUMENT
Preface
Philosophy is the search for reasoned answers to important, non-empirical questions. These questions include, but are not limited to, the following: Is there a God? What might God be like? If there isn’t a God, what implications does this have for human life? What does it mean to be me? Am I free? Am I responsible? Are there moral facts? What makes an action right or wrong? How ought I to live? Can we know anything? What does it mean to know something or to have a justified belief in something? What makes something beautiful? What makes something art? What is the meaning of life?
In this introductory anthology we present selections from real philosophers wrestling with real problems. With few exceptions, each of these entries was written in the last month or so and published on blogs in philosophy. In keeping with the purposes of the Philosophers’ Carnival, we have included only pieces that were nominated for publication in this issue of the Carnival. In keeping with the purposes of Show-Me the Argument (the philosophy graduate student blog of the University of Missouri), we have included only pieces that make rigorous and clear arguments concerning important philosophical questions. Political drivel and autobiographical musings didn’t make the cut.
Table of Contents
I. WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? … 1
II. METAPHYSICS
1. Cognitive Biases and Free Will Part Two … 4
The Garden of Forking Paths
2. Presentism, Actualism, and the Triviality Objection … 8
The Alanyzer
3. A Trouble for Possible Worlds as Maximally Consistent Sets of Propositions … 11
Florida Student Philosophy Blog
4. Chalmers on Ontological Anti-realism … 22
Lemmings
III. EPISTEMOLOGY
1. May we say what we don’t know? … 26
Think Tonk
2. Disagreeing about Disagreement … 28
Thoughts, Arguments, and Rants
3. Justification, Inconsistencies, Contradictions, and Contradictories … 42
Certain Doubts
4. Epistemic ‘Ought’ Does Not Imply ‘Can’ … 73
Long Words Bother Me
6. Contradictions Rational and Justified? … 77
Knowability
IV. ETHICS
1. Desire Satisfaction Accounts of the Concept of Welfare and The Scope Problem … 80
Reflective Equilibrium
2. Philosophical Utilitarianism … 84
PEA Soup
3. Beliefs and Moral Judgments (see also Oughts and Desires on Show-Me the Argument) … 89
Atheist Ethicist
4. Infant Euthanasia and Utilitarianism … 92
Show-Me the Argument
5. Moral Intuitions and the Darwinist Dilemma (see also Moral Intuitions and Evolution on Atopian) … 105
Siris
6. Posthumous Procreation … 110
Philosophy, et cetera
V. PHILOSOPHY OF MIND
1. Consciousness and the Brainstem … 116
Brains
2. Content Internalism … 120
Brain Pains
3. Human Echolocation … 155
The Splintered Mind
VI. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
1. Uniform Experience Against Miracles … 158
Fides Quaerens Intellectum
2. Prophecy Argument Against Open Theism … 163
Show-Me the Argument
VII. PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE
1. Language and Color … 174
Language Hat
2. Talking to the Future … 177
Semantics etc.
VIII. AESTHETICS
1. Aesthetics and the Problem of Evil … 200
Prosblogion
2. The story of your life, or life as a work of art … 205
Philosophy Blog
IX. SPECIAL TOPICS
1. Thoughts about True Temp … 217
Experimental Philosophy
2. Why Truth is the Norm of Credibility … 221
Opiniatrety
3. Philosophical Failure: Peter van Inwagen and John Martin Fischer … 227
Garden of Forking Paths
4. A book review of John Searle’s Freedom and Neurobiology … 231
Show-Me the Argument
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