Archive for June, 2007

Advice from Philosophy PH.D’s

Thursday, June 28th, 2007

Peter Vallentyne sent this out and I thought it was worth putting on the blog:

http://www.phd-survey.org/advice/philosophy.htm

Encouraging and uplifting advice from philosophy PH.D’s.

Fantl & McGrath Against Evidentialism

Saturday, June 23rd, 2007

Jeremy Fantl and Matthew McGrath (F&M) argue against the following thesis:

EK: For any two subjects, S and S’, necessarily, if S and S’ have the same evidence for/against p, then S is justified in believing p iff S’ is, too.

(The ‘justification’ here is referring to that degree of justification necessary for knowledge.)  F&M use cases like the following against EK.  Suppose (more…)

Proper Functionalism and the Generality Problem

Wednesday, June 20th, 2007

A generic process reliabilist (the original Goldman) states that a belief is justified iff the belief was formed by a reliable process.  A generality problem for this view is that for any belief, there are numerous (i.e. an infinite) number of processes that led to the belief and there is no principled way to specify which process must be reliable in order for the belief to be justified.  This is problematic since some of the processes that led to the belief are reliable and some aren’t.

Proper functionalism states that a belief has warrant (what turns true belief into knowledge) only if the belief was formed by reliable, properly functioning, truth-aimed (RPFTA) faculties.  I want to explore in this post whether proper functionalism fares better by way of the generality problem.  (I prefer to ignore discussion of the environmental condition and the Gettier problem in this post.)

While it seems right to say that there are an infinite number of processes which produce a belief, (more…)

Evidentialism Reading Group Handout # 4

Tuesday, June 19th, 2007

1. “The Truth Connection”

Brief Overview: In this paper Earl Conee examines various ways of explaining the connection between (more…)

DeRose’s Henry Case and an Evidentialist Response

Saturday, June 16th, 2007

In several places DeRose shifts from talking about what someone ‘ought to believe’ to talk of someone “believing as he ought” (See especially the Henry example in “Ought We to Follow Our Evidence” pg. 698-699 and pg. 701).  DeRose’s counterexample to Evidentialism is that according to Evidentialism Henry ought to believe P, but intuitively when Henry believes P he is not believing as he ought.  If we consider Feldman’s distinction in “Having Evidence” between ‘current-state epistemic rationality’ and ‘methodological epistemic rationality’, it seems that Feldman has a response to DeRose’s objection.  Evidentialism commits us to claiming that Henry ought to believe P because that is what is called for by current-state epistemic rationality.  However, when DeRose points out that Henry, if he believes P, does not believe as he ought he (DeRose) is pointing out that Henry’s believing P does not satisfy the constraints of methodological epistemic rationality. But, Evidentialists can readily agree with DeRose on this point while maintaining that Henry ought to believe P because of the distinction between current-state and methodological epistemic rationality. Thoughts?

Evidentialism Reading Group Handout 3

Friday, June 15th, 2007

1. “The Ethics of Belief”

Brief Overview: In this paper Feldman discusses several issues in (more…)

Proper Functionalism, Improved Design Plans, And Justification

Tuesday, June 12th, 2007

In the reading group discussion today Prof. Markie made a very interesting point in regard to Feldman’s criticism of proper functionalism in “Authoritarian Epistemology”. On pg. 126 Feldman claims “the theory [proper functionalism] seems to imply that a believer who violates its design plan by improving upon it, and following evidence when it is designed not to, cannot thereby get justified beliefs”, Markie pointed out that Feldman might be meaning something like the following case [note this is not a quotation from Markie—I am relying on memory here so take this as a rough approximation of Markie’s example]:

There is an alien, S, who’s design plan does not yield true beliefs on Earth. Now, something happens to S while she is on Earth—she is struck by lightning, develops a brain tumor, whatever. The result of S’s being struck by lightning is that she no longer follows her design plan, but when she has experiences phenomenologically identical to those a normal functioning adult human has when he sees a red ball, she forms the belief that she sees a red ball because of that experience—likewise for other perceptual beliefs. So, now S is just as reliable in regard to her perceptual beliefs as a normal human, but her formation of these beliefs is not the result of the proper functioning of her faculties in accord with her design plan.

It seems that according to proper functionalism S’s perceptual beliefs are not justified because they do not result from the proper functioning of her design plan, even though her beliefs are reliable and she forms the beliefs based on her evidence. This seems to be a problem for proper functionalism. Thoughts?

Necessity and the Language Game

Tuesday, June 12th, 2007

In Chapter 6 Lycan talks about ‘Use’ Theories such as the Wittgensteinian view.  According to these views language does not bear the expressing relation to propositions, instead language is an activity similar to a game.  So, as Lycan says according to these theories “a linguistic expression’s meaning is constituted by the tacit rules governing its correct conversational use” (pg. 91).  Here’s my worry—if meaning is determined conventionally according to the rules of the language game, what implications does this have for our conceptions of necessity and possibility?  It seems to me that if the meaning of a sentence that we normally think expresses a necessary truth only has that meaning through convention and it is not expressing a proposition that is a necessary truth, then that sentence does not express a necessary truth because the rules of the language game, which are established by convention, could be different.  So, how are expressions that contain modal concepts understood given a ‘use’ theory?

Evidentialism Reading Group Handout 2

Monday, June 11th, 2007

1. “Evidentialism”

Brief Overview: In this paper Conee and Feldman present (more…)

Gödel or Schmidt?

Saturday, June 9th, 2007

Kripke has an example (pg. 45 Lycan book) where a man named Schmidt is the one who actually proved the Incompleteness Theorem and Kurt Gödel merely discovered Schmidt’s manuscript and published it under his own name.  Most people only know Gödel as the man who proved the Incompleteness Theorem, yet when these people utter “Gödel” they are referring to Gödel, not Schmidt.  Would this way of referring occur in the following example: 

Assume the same information from Kripke’s example. Bob knows Schmidt by sight and he knows that Schmidt is really the one who proved the Incompleteness Theorem.  Joe doesn’t know anything about Schmidt, he knows Gödel as the man who proved the Incompleteness Theorem, but doesn’t know Gödel by sight.  Jim doesn’t know anything about Schmidt or Gödel.  Bob, Joe, Jim, and Schmidt are all at a party, Gödel is not there.  Bob sees Schmidt and points him out to Joe by telling him “that man is the one who proved the Incompleteness Theorem.”  Joe later bumps into Jim at this party and tells Jim “Kurt Gödel is at this party”.  In this case, is Joe actually referring to Gödel by uttering “Kurt Gödel” or is he referring to the man that proved the Incompleteness Theorem, who Bob pointed out to him?  If Joe is actually referring to Schmidt, what is the difference between this case and Kripke’s?  Thoughts?